Handbook of Biomimetics and Bioinspiration by Jabbari Esmaiel Et Al

Author:Jabbari, Esmaiel Et Al
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9789814520270
Publisher: World Scientific
Published: 2014-03-19T04:00:00+00:00

aThe wrist and elbow joints of hummingbirds are fused.12

bRecent work21 on Locusta migratoria found that mass-specific metabolic rate during tethered flight is 1032 ± 69 µmolO2/(g · h) (with mean max lift 95 ± 8% of body weight). Assuming standard temperature and pressure and 4.7 ± 0.4 kcal released per liter of O2 MR = 126.1 ± 12.5 watt/kg. Equation (1) predicts 77.8 ± 19.6 watt/kg for Schistocera gregaria at LR = 0.95 ± 0.08.

cResults from a Hawkmoth study25 suggest that inertial effects are dominant with respect to Hawkmoth wing deformation.

dThe membrane of a beetle’s hindwing has been tested and Poisson’s ratio was between 0.63 and 0.73 in the chordwise direction and 0.33–0.39 in the spanwise direction.31

eA membrane-batten wing design is also observed in hummingbirds, whose primary quills radiate outward from the shoulder region of their wings.11

f Published data41 demonstrates no clear trend between mass and aspect ratio or wingspan and aspect ratio for avian fliers in the 10–120 cm wingspan range.

g Values for c1 and c2 are unitless and have been estimated as c1 ≈ 1.08 and c2 ≈ 0.88 using scattered data for 32 bird species.42

hThe trend between thrust and chordwise flexibility breaks down when wings are excessively flexible, which has been demonstrated for similar wings actuated differently.58

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